B 3 56b OMO 4^fe^ SINHALESE This syttem taaches you the eas«ntlalf of ft tanguag« (for travel and enjoyment) without the drudgery of prolonged study 5'- Nn By Don M. de ZILVA WICKREMASINGHi Author of Tamil Self*Taught Tamil Grammar Saif-Taught, &c. London : E. MAfU-fiOROUCH A CO. LTD. Marlborough's Self-Taught Series of European and Oriental Languages DESIGNED primarily for TOURISTS and TRAVEL- LERS in Foreign lands who, without previous knowledge of the Language, desire to express themselves sufficiently to be understood, these books also form a good foundation for the more seriously minded student. The Method followed throughout the Scries is to give Classified vocabularies and Conversational Phrases under Subjects, arranged in three columns giving first the English word or phrase, second the Foreign equivalent, and third the English phonetic pronunciation. This latter column makes correct pronunciation a simple matter. A section on Elementary Grammar is included in most cases and deals with the construction of sentences and any special pcculiarites of the language, such as Genders, Tenses, Con^ jugation of Verbs, etc. For the more important languages a separate volume on Grammar is published containing, in addition to a thorough treatise on Grammar, Exercises for translation. These books can he obtained through any bookseller. POIl COMPLETE LIST OF LANGUAGES SEE PA&E 4 OF COVLM ^1 k ^ ^>/x Marlborough's Self-Taught Series. SinDalese SelfCauflbt by the Natural Method -WITH Phonetic Pronunciation THIMM'S SYSTEM BY Don M. de Z. WICKRBMASINQHE, Hon. M.A. (Oxon) Epigraphist to the Ceylon Government. Lecturer on Tamil and Teltigti in the University of Oxford, and on Pali and Prakrit for Jesus College, Oxford. Author of " Tamil Self-Taught," " Tamil Grammar Self-Taught," etc. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN LONDON E. Marlborough &z Co., Ltd. ALL RIGHTS RSSBRVSO TO The Honourable Mr. F. H. M. CORBET, ADVOCATE-GENERAL OF MADRAS, I DEDICATE THESE PAGES, AS A TOKEN OF SINCERE GRATITUDE FOR HELP AND ENCOURAGEMENT AFFORDED ME IN MY LINGUISTIC STUDIES. M. DE Z. WICKRERIASINGHE. LETCH WORTH THE GARDEN CITY PRESS LTD., PRINTERS. Printed and Made in Great Britain. PREFACE. THIS manual is intended to supply a working knowled'ge of Sinhalese, for the benefit, primarily, of those who have not the time, or, perhaps, the inclination, to master the Grammar of the language, and yet require to use the spoken tongue for business or other purposes. With this object in view, I have compiled the present work mainly on the lines of my Tamil Self-Taught, with the addition of an outline of the Grammar of Sinhalese, pending the publication of a separate volume of Grammar. Having regard to the needs of students who work without a Teacher, I have devoted some pages wholly to the subject of pronunciation, and have given the transliteration of all the Sinhalese words occurring in the grammar section of the work, side by side with the Sinhalese character. In the scheme of transliteration I have used full-faced type to mark the aspirate, instead of attaching the usual h to the aspirated con- sonant, on the principle of " one sign for one sign " : e. g., ssi = k, and ^ = k, not kh. This, I consider, is practically useful in the trans- literation of Prakrit and modern Indian dialects, for it will enable the reader to distinguish at a glance the difference between, say, (5sitS523^ rathaka, a red conch shell, and (5(5<553 rathaka (raiaka), a small chariot, unless, as in the " P^pigraphia Zeylanica ", a small hyphen is added between the two elements to show that the sound in question is a true double sound. Again, Cf:i and <$^ have been represented by a and 5, not, as is usual in Ceylon, by e and e, these sounds being only modifications of the sounds of ^ a and Cp a. Further, as a guide to the proper intonation of Sinhalese words, I have indicated those vowels which are pronounced fully with a sort of "stress accent" by the mark of the acute accent placed above them. I have not done this, however, in the section containing the Vransl iterated vocabularies, idiomatic phrases, and sentences, because 585 there the correct pronunciation of every Sinhalese word xs indicated in the third column of each page by means of Marlborough's system of English phonetics. This work being designed purely for practical use, the rules and explanations given in the grammar section are scarcely intended for students entering on a scientific investigation of the Sinhalese language. For them a separate grammar and an etymological and historical lexicon founded on the latest results of Prakrit philology are under preparation. M. DE Z. W. Oxford, 1916. CONTENTS PAGE The Alphabet and Pronunciation 7 Vowels 9 Consonants . . 10 Table of Syllabic Characters .. 12-17 The Phonetic Pronunciation 18 The Tonic Accent 20 Vocabularies (Classified). — Pages 21-71. Animals, Vegetables, &c. — Animals, Birds, Fishes and Insects ... 23 Trees, Fruits, Flowers, Vegetables, &c. . . 25 Colours . . 27 Commercial and Trading Terms 46 Correspondence . . 50 Fishing . . 51 House and Furniture, The 40 Land and Water 21 Mankind 3! Body, The Human 32 Cooking and Table Utensils 37 Dress and the Toilet 37 Food and Drink 35 Health 33 Washing List 39 Minerals and Metals . . 22 Numbers, Cardinal 53 Ordinal 54 Collective . . 55 Parts of Speech : — Adjectives 55 Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositions, &c. 67 Verba 59 Post Office and Telegrams 50 Professions and Trades 42 Shooting, Fishing, Sic. 51 Times and Seasons 28 Town and Country 30 Travelling 44 World, The ^ 21 m CONTENTS. Outline of Grammar. — Pages 72-93. Articles Nouns . . Pronouns ; Personal Demonstrative Interrogative . . Verbs Conversational Phrases Changing Money Commercial anrl Trading Expressions and Phrases Fishing . . Health .. Hotel, The Meals Breakfast Dinner Tea .. Monej^ Changing Sinhalese Currency Sinhalese Money wi AND Sentences. Useful and Necessary Tdiomafcic . (Pages 94-117). ith EngUsh and American Equivalen EngUsh and American Money with Sinhalese Equivalent: Notices . . Planting Post Office and Telegrams Public Works Railway, The Shooting Shopping Time, The Town, In Money, Weights and Measures Postal Rates 102 PAGE 72 74 80 83 85 86 117 112 94 111 105 101 -104 102 103 104 117 118 118 118 98 116 106 113 99 110 109 106 107 I IS. 119 . 119 SINHALESE SELF-TAUGHT. The Alphabet and Pronunciation. The modern Sinhalese alphabet contains fifty-four letters, viz. eighteen vowels and thirty-six consonants. From these are formed 612 syllabic characters, which are, with the exception of the anusvdra and the visarga, combinations of the consonants with the vowels in which the consonantal character is in some cases slightly modified in form and has a vowel-sign joined to it. Strictly speaking, only five primary vowel-sounds in the Sinhalese language are recognized by Sinhalese grammarians. They are a, i, u, e, and o. Each of these, however, is represented by two characters which stand for the long and the short sound of the vowel respectively, and there are in addition eight characters representing (1) the modified sounds ci and ti of short and long «, (2) the Sanskrit letters ^ ?'? "^ f ^i^^l ^ L % h aii<^l (3) the diphthongs ai and au. There are thus eighteen characters in the modern Sinhalese alphabet which stand for vowel sounds. These are used in two different ways, that is to say : — (a) Initially, when they are denoted separately by regular letters ; (b) Medially, or following and joined to a consonant to form a syllable, when the vowel is represented by a sign (in certain instances variable) attached to the consonantal character, excepting in the case of the vowel a, which is inherent in the consonant and not indicated by any sign, it«- ah'^ence being shown either by a looped vertical stroke (7) or by a curved one (called in Sanskrit the virdma) attached to the top of the letter (see pp. 10, 11). In the following tables, pp. 9-11, the initial and medial forms of the Sinhalese vowels are given, followed by the consonants, and to all are added tlieir transliterative (Roman) characters, and the English phonetic signs by which the Sinhalese sounds are represented in the third column throughout the classified Vocabularies and Conversations of which this volume chiefly consists. On pp. 12-17 are the syllabic characters, also in the Sinhalese and Roman types. 1. Vowels oy panaknru (Skt. prdndksara, * life-letters ') Sinhalese characters. Translitera- tion. Pronunciation. English Phonetic Signs.* Initiah Mediah ? a Like u in cut, bun, or a in u, u America, or e in other. filbert ^ 3 a J5 a m father, car ah ^l I a 5? a in cat, mat a ^1 ? a J^ a in ran, van a ^ o i JJ i or 2/ in /'z/?/ i i" ir if z£) sS) 2^)3 cSDz cS), 25^ z^ 25^1 2^ SsDa j^aa i /« /'/ ia y/i n // /'< Id //• /f ^ ^ ^^ ^l '^_? '^ .^ ^ ^ ^a ,;S3q3? n na fid da da Hi dl du du dr wf Q 0 03 01 s? s 3 s a s. 033 t /« /« /« /a ti ^7 /m ^« /r tr 13 signs are attached to the foregoing thirty-four consonants, 612 syllabic characters : — I I e e ai 0 6 au o 25^ «1 '4S)<£ ®255 ©^ ©©i5^ ©25^3 (^•^^ ©. 15^-1 s:^ H kl ke ie k ii ^^^ ko kau A' Q)"\ c)^ ©o) ©a ©©r) ©C)D ©-^i ©^«) ^ kl Id. ke ^e A:/i ito ko kin it ^^ ©'9 .©>053 ©^cd ©©C5D ©eD3 G^i ©.C5!)'i cd ol 9l ^^ ^-6- gal //^^ Uo yau // t^"\ ^<9 ©C3 ©ss ©'©■53 ©esD ©^.j" ©£3'i d" gl gl 5-^ ^e gai g-o go giu ^ e)"i €)<% ©a ©g) ©©S) ©E)3 ©s)cr ©e)'n a H nl ne ne iiai no no ima 71 a-1 a<9 ®^€) ©© ©®€) ©€)o ©aj ©€)'o © cl cl ce c^ cfli CO CO cau C 6°) p^cg ®d ©c!" ©©^ ©^0 ©eS'J ©C^"i eT d cl ce ce cai CO CO cau c d") !5^ jai > i^ jau i i^^ 2^)^ ©'25^ ©2£) ©©2sD ©2^)3 ©g^d" ©2£D") eS Ji // /^ />: jai /o jo jaa / nl nl ne /1e ©©/£5S hai ©/£5qO no ©,;2^cr ;1o '«?■ « Q) -3>3 ^l •S-^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^d ^aa t /^/ //? icl z^- ti ti tu /?/ ^/* tf .of a dD az a-r 8 8 u y S aa (^^i t ^/ ^rt ^rt ^5 ti ti ^/< ^r/ r/- ij' < (I (/a di dd <^8 c^aa df Q a 83 cOz a, © S 9 9 Qa cDa d -^ ^■:53 '^Z '^> ^ ^ v3 ^ ^a ^aa n / (I 11 d lU'l 11 a 111 w' /?M 71 U 11 r nf 6 O 03 cz C| 8 8 9 9 Oa Oaa P y^'' /« pci p'd ;;i />/ pu jw?7 />/' y7f 6 a 63 6i ^1 6 6 ^^ ^ aa aa^ p p/ p(7 pci P'l pi pi pu pr< p/' pf © Q) ^3 S)z o), m ^ @ § Q)a *Q)3a b />r/ hd /ycY hii hi //7 />^/, z»w ^r Af 15 i I e e ai 0 0 a a i - i o o C^") cS^ ©.i) ©•£ ©>®^ ©dba ©c^/ ©:^^ c5 tl rl t^ te r«i r^ r^ tail / ^•1 -a)^ ®e) ©■a ©©.-a) ©CJO ©CJJ" ©£)") a dl (// ^^ de fjai r/o (/o dau ^ d)"i ^<9 ®-:b ®:^ ©©■:^ ©:^3 ©:>)J' ©d)") a' dl ^( ^^ cTe «/ ? ^^ ^<5 c/// // c/ ^") -^^ ^4^ ®^ ©.©-^ ©■,-^3 ©••^J' ©-^"1 ^ nl. »l Tif^ 7/e It (It WV ii6 nan V ^"} S^^a @^^ ®d' ©©.3> ©^3 ©-^i ©^") :35 tl ?l /6' /6 ful /O /o fen. / d") d-s e^a ®d ©©0 ©63 ©adi ©6"i 6 tl ^e ^/ r^^ ^0 ^«'^ ^ dl dl de de ©©^^ did ©0,3 ©C] ^0 dau ^ ^ Q^ a<9 ®cD @Q ©©cO ©6D3 ©ad" ©a)"i a dl 4 cfe c/e da I do e ;>e pai /JO po pau P 6^0 a<9 ®>6 ©•d" ©©6 ©63 @^6^ ©^'i 6 P/ p| pe p^ pai PO po pau p q)"1 Q'S ®a) ®^ ©©q) ©q)3 ©q)^ ©a)"! ^ bl bl be be bai 6o ^0 bau Z^ 16 -2 c ai C c § " II a A' a i ? U w r V a 3 tr^i ^? ttS tS '^ ^ ^.j ■K5aa b ftfl 6« AA* bR bi 61 bu 6r< 6/- bf rf © ®3 ®z ^^ © @ g i) ©. ^33 m ma ma W(X mci mi ml mu mu wr nir d GS CS3 CSl ^1 s a g ^. csa CSaa y y^^ 2/« tja yd «/'■ /// .-yw yu 2/r ?/f <^ (5 <^J dL dL 5 5 (5z 6, da (5aa r ra rd rcl rd rl >7 rii ru rr ^.p d e & & (5} & & ^ ^ & Oaa / /« Id la Id li n /w /z?. ir /f © 8 ©0 ©1 ^1 g © g g e)a 8aa V va rd i;a vd vl 17 vu v?7 rr rf ^ csa c5ao Oi ®? ^ (^ ^ ^ csa^ cfiaaa s sa 5« /a sd si si Stl s?7 sr 5? d ^ (SO ^l ^? @ @ ^ ^ (Sa ©aa ? 5« 5a .|^a sd si •5^ su ^7 ?r ?f d C3 COO coz C3j & 8 g ^ C3a C3aa s sa sd sa sd si 5^" 5^^ su .sr sf cd OS) 0550 ^i ^? & C^ ^ ^ CS^a G55aa A Afl A« ha hd hi hi Am Aw hr Af (g (S (go & (^1 (§ (g d rai & (gaa J_I /a /a la Id /i //" /// /?/ k If 17 I 1 e e ai 0 5 au (3 fl O O tD'n tD'9 e^. &'t^ (^(^■■^ ©■^3 ©■2::.cr ©G55°l ^ H 6/ i&f- be bii 6o 6o bail A ©") ©^ @^C5)^ ©^CS^J" ©^CS^'O d hi A.I Ae he hai Ao /.o hau A fl le lai ©(go la /I BlNHALESl! g.-T. 18 Frouiinciation. 'llie student is recommended to master the pronunciation at the outset. The precise use and value of each phonetic sign are shown on pp. 9—11, whicli should be studied carefully. The following additional explanations will be of service : — The principles on which Marlborough^s system of phonetics is based are : (1) the employment of English characters with their ordinary pronunciation (or one of their sounds, where more than one) with as sparing a use as possible of diacritic signs ; and (2) one sign, one sound. Where, therefore, a ^ sign ' (i.e. letter or letters) might be variously sounded — and this applies to each of the English vowels and some of the consonants — its particular use in the scheme of phonetics should be carefully noted, and each sign must always be sounded in the same manner wherever it occurs {one sign, one sound) ; any letter or combination of letters printed in distinctive type (italics, &c.) or with any mark added has a special use which must be learnt. Thus : — u represents (always and only) the sound of u in cut, bun ,5 „ e in other, filbert „ „ a in father, car )f a in cat, mat a in ran, van i or «/ in pity ee in meet, or i in routine u in put, or oo in good u in rulCy or oo in foot rl in crick (approximately) reic in creiv well trilled li in clip (approximately) lue in clue „ e in egg, elbow u 3? }} ah ?? 3? a 3J the s ;oui a 3> 33 i 5? 33 ee J3 }} 00 J5 53 00 }> 33 r 3> 33 r »? 33 I }} V 1 }3 ii e 5* 33 r> 19 ay represents the sound of a in able, pane (i. e. a simple sound, not diphthongized) i „ „ i in mine, or / o „ ,5 0 in pot oh 5, ., 0 in noble ow „ „ oiv in cotv, noiv k ,, „ k in kite if ., ., ckJi in Lockhart (approximately), i.e. an aspirated k sound ., „ g in regard g „ 5, gh in foghorn (approximately), i.e. an aspirated g n^ ,, „ ng in 5o?2^, i. e. a guttural na^al c represents (always and only) the sound of cA in church cli „ „ ,, 55 ch-h in church-huuse (approximately),i.e. an aspirate ch sound J jj 5? 3^ j^ y in jam j an aspirated y sound ny represents (always and only) the sound of the Spanish h or n in cognac (approximately) t represents (always and only) the sound of t in two t aspirated t sound, approximately like th in pot-herb d represents (always and only) the sound of d in door d an aspirated d sound, approximately like dh in adhere n a cerebral n sound, see Alphabet, p. lo t_h represents (always and only) the sound of th in with^ thermometer th represents aspirated t_h sound th th n the sound of th in these aspirated th sound (next preceding) the sound of n in not P P „ p in pot aspirated p sound, approximately like ph in shepherd 20 b represents the sound of b in but b „ aspirated b sound, approximately like bh m abhor m as in English y ?J 55 5? 55 ?5 55 ?? 55 1 w 5 represents a sound between s and sh sh „ the sound of sh in cushion s „ „ 5 in 5i5^er h as in English / cerebral / sound, see Alphabet, p. ii ng represents the sound of ng in song ch 5, „ ch in the Scotch word loch, approximately n, m represent a soft semi-nasal sound, see Alphabet, p. ii. Tonic Accent. It should be noted that the first syllable of a Sinhalese word has, as a general rule, a fuller intonation than the remaining syllables of the word.* For the sake of clearness, however, vowels which are pronounced fully wdth a certain amount of ^ stress accent ^ are denoted by the mark of the acute accent placed above them, e.g. vU^da-kala kala (vadii- ku/u ku'lu). * It is outside the scope of the present work to enter into a discussion oi the shifting of the accent. VOCABULARIES.* The World. {LoJca-visesa.) Enrlish. Air cloud cold darkness dew earth (grou — (soil) East fire fog heat light lightning moon moonlight nature North rain (??.) rainbow shade sky South sun thunder water West wind nd) Sinhalese (romanized). Pronunciation. Iiulahga, vdtaya valdkida, mega sitala, hlta andura, kaluvara pini polova pas ndgena-hira, purva- (jini [desa mihidum rasnaya, mna eliya ciduUya hahda haiida-pdna ijatiya, svabdva utura vdssa vahi7iavd (past, vm- dediuma \sdj sevana, hevana ahasa dakuna ira, silrya giguruina vatiira, diya hasnd-hira, hata- kandtuva [hira h6olii?l//gu, wa///7iuyu wulrt/ikoo/u, may^ii SQetJiulu, hee^ii uh^Aooru, ku/oowurii pini po/owu pus nage^iu-hirii, poorwu- gini [thay.su. mihi?//oom rusniiyu, oos/mu eliyii wi^/ sea miida moothu shore verala weriiln [^ooroo star tarakdva, tari(,tmni ^rt//riikrtAwu, ^uroo storm knndtuva,mdnttaya kooDrt/itoowu, mahiob- stream diyapdra, dla thiyupaJivu, alu [/Tiiiyu tank vara wawu tide (high, low) vada-diya, hd-diya vvudu-i/iiyu, hah-tJdyu. valley kandii-pdtdle kuht/too-'pahthahlay water vatiira, diya wnthobrii, thiyu — (fresh) hohda-vatara hon^Aii-wu/T/ooru — (salt) lunn-vatura loo>'6o-wn^ooru waterfall diya-vdtwia, prapd- i//tsii, muru- glass ndiiru \_kat(i weethobi-ob [ku^u gold granite ratran vuthrun kaliiyal ku/(")0-gul gravel bo raid boruloo '25 English. Sinlialese (roilianized). Pronuijciation. iron i/akada yukudu lead iyam eeyum lime hiinii ho6«oo marble kirigarunda kirigurdo??du mercury rasa-diya lusii-i/iiyu pearl miitu moo ^00 plumbago mmiran miniriin ruby ratukdtaya ru^ookatuyu sapphire nilhdtaya nilkatuyu silver rid I rif/tee soda soda so//du steel vane wa/may stone aaia (pi. gal) gum (gul) tin helek belek Animals, Birds, Fishes and Insects. (Mrya, paksi, maUya, krmi jdfi.) (For Shopping see p. 109; Meals, pp. 102-104.) Animal tirisand, (^JHyay^' kuhuml'iyd (pi. ku- thirii^iinah, mrgHyah ant kdohooilibiyrt/i (koo- humhi) hobilibi) barbet kottoruvd (pi. -vo) kottoAroowrt/i (-woA) barking hirlma [ruvai bireemu bark (v.) hiiranavd (pat hi- booriinuwa/i (biroowa//) bear valahd (pi. valassn) wulubrt/i (wulussoo) — (she-) rdlaliinni waluhinni bellow, low (v.) tdp-lanavd (past -lava) ^ap-lunuwrt/t (-lawa/i) bird kuryUd(^l. kurullo), kooroollrJi (ko6roollo/i), paksi yd (pi. -yd) puk.s/iiya/t (-yo/i) bleating bdtalu haiida batu/oo-hundu braying kotahi handa kotuZoo-hundu bull . gond {^\.go7inii) gonali (go n nob) calf vassd (pi. vasso, wussrt/i(wusso/<, /. wassee) f. vdssl) [f . hidall) []ee) cat halald (pi. balallu, bulula// (buluUoo, /. balu- cattle harak huruk cock kiikuld (pi. kiiktilo) kookob/rt/i (kobkoo/oA) cow dend, dadend (pi. thenah, eluthenah -deiinu) {-thennob) crab kakiduvd kukob/obwa/t 24 English. crow dog donkey duck eagle eel elephant feather fish fox goat — (she-) goose hair hare hen herd hoof horn horse lamb lapwing lion lobster mongoose monkey mosquito mouse mule neigh owl ox oysters parrot paw peafowl pig pigeon prawn quail Sinhalese (romanized). kajjutd, kdkkd halld kotaluvd, bfiruvd tdrdvi (m. tdrdvd) rdjdliyd diidd dtd (pi. dttii), aliyd pihdtta (pi. jnhdtu) mdlii nariyd (pi. nari) eluvd (pi. eluvo) elii-dena pdttayd kes, loma hdvd kikili pattiya kiiraya aiif/a (pi. am) (\a^val/3i (pi. asvayo) bdtalu-ndmbd, bdtalu-pdtavd kirald (pi. kirallii) dinhayd pokirissd mugatiyd vandurd maduruvd batu-miyd \.monarn) urd (pi. ilro) paravi}/d issd (pi. 7.S.S0) ratiird (i^l.vatuvo) Pronunciation. kupoota/t, kahkUah hiiWah kotu/oowa/j, hoordbwo/t thahiahwi (thaJirah^xah) vah]ah\iyah ahhthah athah (siththob) , uWyah piba/ittu (pihaAtoo) ma// Zoo nuriya/t (nuri) eloowah (eZoowo/t) eloothenu ^ahththnyah kes, luhmu. hahvfah kikiZi puttiyu kooruyu nn{igi\, ang u.swuyrt// (u.swuyo/i) batu/oo -nrt // m ha h, ba i u - Zoo-patuwrt// kirula/i (kirulloo) singhnyaJi pokirissa/i mo6giitiy«/t wundoorrt/t mui/^tholi- church palliya, \ llenistd-- pulliyu, thaywiiathu/i- country rata, pifisara\\)U(!/a 'rutu, pitisiiru [nu}U ditch affala iigulii i'arm (joypala goypulu farmer l/oriyd gowiy«/t fence rata watu field kumhura (pi. -ru), koombooru (-roo). welu ■ vela{vel)J,u'ta{kci) (wel), ke^ii {keth) foot-path adi-pdra udi-pa/trii forest vanaya (pi. vana) wuniiyu (wunii) gate vdsala, vd^al-hada waAsiilu, wa/zsul-kudu grass tana-hola ^u»u-kolu hut pdla (pi. p((l) [lain) palu (pal) inn aiiibalama ( pi. a m ha umbulumu (umbulum) jungle hiHara (pi. kala) kalawu (kala) log kote, kahda kotay, ku?1f/m market kadaya, kade (p]. kuduyu, kuday (kudu) meadow pitianiya [kada) pittuniyu mile hiitakma lia^akmu mill iiiola moZ/lu monument caitya} snmraka yodanayilla ci^yu, sma^ruku godunagillu palace mdliydva mrt//liga//wu road jimia^ijia^ pa/jru, mugii [luyu school ( l)dtasdldva,\'ik6laya }iahthmaJilahwu, sko/i- shepherd enderd (pi. ehdeni) eh(\ayvah (endrt//rd6) shop kade (pi. kada), sdppura kuday (kudu), srt//ppo6wu sign -post samjild-kaUKva su/i^J7?//rtA-ku;jdowu square (four-sided) hatards hwthiir&s — (plot of gi-ound) iiiidula, afyjaiia mitltoolu, unygunu. straw piduru p;«/i\iah- noowuru, pooru [uuyu putooiiii na/iguriku-srt//!«/ •)irurn-vaga.) (For Health see pp. 33, 105.) Ankle valalu-kara wululoo-kuru arm bdhitva brt/ihoowu arm -pit kihilla kihillu back pita pitu beard rdvula rawooZu o blood le lay body 4ariraya, dnga sureeruyii, iiiiggu bones katit, dta kutoo, atu bowels bada-vdla (pi. -nil) budu-walu (wal) brain mo! ay a moluyu breast, chest Idpatta, papuva l8,ip&t_hth-ii, pupoowii cheek kammula (pi. kam- kummoolu (kummool) chin nikata [inul nikutii complexion v sarlra-varna , sureeru-wurnu ears kana \^\. kan) ku7iu (kun) elbow vdlamita (pi. vdla- walumitii (walumiti) eye dhd (pi. as) [miti) aha (as) eyeball ds-guliya as-go61iyu eyebrow ds-bdma (pi. -hdmi) as-bamu (as-bami) eyelid ds-pihdtta (pi. ds- pihdtu) as-piha//ttu (as-pih(///to6) face vnlna (pi. munu) moonu (moonoo) fingers d rig ilia (pi. dngili) a/^Z/gillu (a%gili) foot pay a, adiya _ _^ puyu, udiyu forehead nalala [dig a nnlulu [thiyvi groin • tunatiya, urusa?i- ^donutiyu, ooroosau- hair kes, loma kes, lo//mu hand at a (pi. at) u^u (u^) 83 English. Sinhalese (romanized). Pronunciation. bead isa (pi. is) isu (is) heart hada, lirdaya hu//gillu toe paye-dhgilla puya?/-a%giilii tongue dii-a (pi. div) f/iiwu (i/iiw) tooth data (pi. dat) thutjiii (pi. t/iutji) wrist mdnikkatuva ma?iikkutoo\vu Health. (Sarlra-s thiti.) (For Conversations see p 105.) Accident hadissi-antardva huthissi-unijinvahwu. bandage vcluma, hd'tima weloomu, bammu bile pita pi/Jiu bite da stay a t/mshtuyu — , snake sarpa-dasLuya surpu-i/m.s7/tuyu blindnesij Icnna-gatiya, lauiu-ga/iiiyu, nnthn- andatdvaya thd/iYfuyu. Sinhalese S.T. .__-■ ■R 84 English. Sinlialese (romanized). PronunclatioB, blister bruise burn ciiemist's shop chill chdcra contagion {see also epidemic) corns cough ^'^ cramp cure deaf ; deafness dentist diarrhoea diet disease, illness doctor draught dumb, dumbness dysentery- epidemic exercise to faint fatigue fever — and ague — , enteric, typhoid — , intermittent — , malarial fracture «:^out headache ill, sick indigestion — inflammation lame medicine nurse ointment bibula tdluma pic cum a [^^yo. beJu't-sdj)pnva, behecl- sltay, sKa^mma vamaiut-pdcanaiia spardcujen bocena rogaija karagdte {pi. -gdta) kdssa kenda-perallma cikitsdva, siivaya bihird; bihiri dat-vedd pdcanaya kdma, dhdra leda, rogai/a vedd, vedardla, dos- kasdya [tara goluvd; golu atisdraya, le-pdca- vasamgataya [nay a parUramaya, dhga-veheskirima kldnta-venavd vehesa una gdhena tina una-sannipdtaya mura-yna kdla-una kddinia, bangaya vdta-raktaya isaradaya asanlpa ajlrnaya idimuma nondi behet kiri-mavu vilepanaya biboolii ^aZoomu piccoomu [liefA-geyu behe^.-sa/ un^sii-baAguyu pestilence {see epi- pill [demicj gully a (pi. guli) gooliyu (gooli) plague {see epi- poison [demic) van a wusu poultice pdjjpa pa/tppu prescription hehet-vattoruva behe^--\vutto//roowii quinine krinln kwineen remedy pratikdraya pru^ikaAruyu rest n. nivddava, visrdma niwa/idoowu, wisraAniii V. g'nnan-liarinavd gimun-hurinuwali scald pilissuma pilissoomu scratch klruma heeroomu sore vanaya wu7zuyu sprain ulukkuva oo/ookkoowu sting dastaya [^atr) i/tus/ituyu [^-kwtjir) surgeon ; 4alya- va idya {^a lya- sulyu-^vz7/Vi — , boiled tainhapii-mas ^umbupoo-mus — , roast pulussapu->iias poolobssupoo-mus — , fried bddapu-mas bai/mpoo-mus milk kiri kiri mustard aha ubii mutton bdtalu-mas batuZoo-mu3 — , goat elu-mas eZoo-mus oil t'el ^^el onion liinu loODOO peptDer g am -m iris gum-miris pork uru-mas ooroo-mus pudding pitta pittoo rice hdl hahl — , boiled bat hMtJi — cakes kdcnm kawoom salad salddu ^ulaJitJioo salt liinu \o6nob soda-water soda-vattira soAdu-wu/^ooru soup hodi, sup-Jiodi hoi/ii, soop-hof/ti sugar slni seeni supper ra-kama ra-kamu tea ti' -vat lira /^,ay-wu///doru tobacco dum-kola [bddapu) tlioong-\io\\\ [(ba«/mp6o) under-done madak-jiuliLi^mpii (oi rani/aik pooloossupoo veal \vahu-mas wuh(x>mus vegetable elavalii eluwuloo vinegar vindkiri wina//kiri water vat lira, diya wu^ooru, fAiyu — , cold siliil-diya sihil-^Aiyu — , hot unii-vatiira oo>/oo-wu/^ooru well-done /londata-bddapn (or honf/iutu-baf/mpoo (poo- ]>ulitssapn) loossupoo) wine madya-pdnaya, vdijin mut/in[/gaJmi\ pu^-koluyu uppulluyii, sa/ispanu peerisiyu inf/iool-kudu, u^-pisnaA- kudu han^/m (hafit/n) bu^kunu-hanf/iii bei/iunu-hanf/iii ^ay-hani/tu maysu-ieththu, niaysu- a^irillu /7z.rt?/-po/iCciyu ^uttoowu, buni/i«i/siyu wayin-wee^Aooroowu Boots bracelet braces Dress and the Toilet. iSee \f'ashi7tg List, followii (Andiim pdlandiim.) and Shopping, us-sapattuva[v] .-till) at v alalia kalisam-patiya oos supu^^iAoowu u^t-wulullu [(-tjithob) imlisum-putiyii 88 English. Sinhalese (roraanized). Pronunciation. brush bundalaya, musna, boonf/mluyu, moosnu, kossa kossu button hottama (pi. bottain) hothtjiuraii (bo^^um) button-hook bottamkekka, bnt- bo//z^n/j^-kekku, bo^- tam-katuva [pili tjiung- kntobwt calico k'dliko re'di, kapu- kaliko/i-re/^//i, kup6o-pi/i cap podl-toppiya, ispa- podi^Z/oppiyii, is-puyiyii uturii-sahiva [ijiya 00 ^// ooroo - su/oowu cloak, cape poravana-saluva poruwunu-suZoowu poraimna-ka'da poriiwunu-kudu cloth redi, pili i-ethi, piZi clothes-brush vastra-inasna wus^ru-moosnu coat kabdya kubrt/tyu comb pandva puna/iwu cotton pulun pooloon dress pill, vastra pi/i, wus^rii flannel lom-redi lom-re/t j unu-srt/da/twu door dot a thovVi door- bell (lore slnura ihovay seenoowu drawing-room sahgraha-sdldva sunggrwhu-sahlahv^n easy chair hdmsi-puti(va haA/i^si-pobtoowu electric light viduli-eliya wiiAooli-eliyu fender lip-draksakaya lip-a/iruksMkuyu fire ginna, gini, gindara ginnu, gini, gintMru fireplace Ufa lipu floor Mm a bimii garden vatta wu^^u gas gas, agni-vdyu \sa gas, ugni-wa/iyoo grate garddiya, gini-mds- guvahthiyiX, ginimassu hall (entrance) vdsal-sdldva, vahal- wahsul-sahlahv/u, wuhul- key yatura [mla yu^oorii [salu kitchen kussiya, mulutdn- koossiyu, mooZoo^in- geya geyu — dresser ♦ supakdra-mesaya soopuk«/^ffaZ«- vdda-karuvd mas-vele7idd, mas- vaduvd [kdrayd rasdyana-kdrayd devagdtiyd kdvili-sddanndf kdvili-velendd tdndpatiyd kokiyd, nyanvd, arakkduiiyd rata-cakra-uidannd dat-vedd vedd, vaidydcdrya- yd, dostar behet-velendd injinenivd, yantra- goviyd [kdrayd godunagili-saAs^ruj?; ?yu - yah ^ silpiya/i, kumkuroowa/t paAn-pooZo6ssunna/i, pa/m-kaAruya/i bankoo-krt/iruya/i, thun- a/igahrikii punildriya/j, ambattuya/i ahcahviyah ^oth-welenthdh lo/ikooroowa/j, pi^^ulu- wadu kuroowa/i mus-welenthah, mus-kaA- wudoowrt/i [ruyaA rusa/iyunu-k«/a'uya/i ///aywuga^i}rt/i kawili-sa//«/tunnrt/t, kawili -we/en f//a/i thaJinah-ipMthiyah kohkiyah, ooyimna/i, urukkamiyaA ruthii-Cukru-srt//«//unnaA thiifji vfethah v^ethah, v/ithyahcahryu.- yah, thosthuv heheth-v^dent/iah inymayvdowah, yunihrn- gowiyrt/i [kfl/truyaA 48 English. farrier — (veterinary) fencing- master fisherman fishmonger florist fruiterer goldsmith grocer hatter ironmonger jeweller laundress merchant miller milliner money-changer optician (seller) painter, decorator photographer policeman porter (carrier) postmaster printer saddler sshoolmaster servant shoemaker J Sinhalese (romanized). Iddam-gahamia as-vedd, pasu-vaidya Jmramba-ddurd was-m arannd, mdlu allannd, kevidd mdlii-velendd mal-karu palatiiru-velendd baddld, ran-karu, navandannd kulii-hadii-velendd, sa ra kku- kada-kdia ■ toppi-sdda7indf [yd toppi-velendd [dd yakada-badu-velen- dbarana-sddannd, dbarana-velendd radavl, redi-nandd (politely) velendd, vydpdrayd iiiola-kdrayd atrl-toppi-vikmiannl salli-indrukaran?id kannddi -velendd sittaid, sarasannd, sitiyain-karannd cdydriipa-Mpiyd poUs-kdrayd, kostd- pal doratu-pdlayd, hara- gen ay ana -m inihd tdpdl-mahatmayd accugasannd, mu- drdnkana - kdrayd sdda- (or hdda-) sddannd \ndn^e guruvarayd, gurim- vdda-kdrayd, seva- sapateruvd [kaijd sapattu-mahannd sommarayd Pror.uuciation. laAdum-guhunnrt// lu-wethah, ])usd6-\\ithyii hMrnmhu-nthobvah mus-murunna//, maJdoo- nUunnah, kev>'oola/< mahloo-welentliah mul-kuroo pulii^ooroo-weZent/m/t hudahlah, run-kuroo, nuwun^unna/t kooloobudoo v,'eleiithah, surukkoo-kudu-ka/triiyaA ^oppi-sa//^Aunna/i, ^op- pi-we/enf/m/i [thah yukudu-budoo-weZen- ahhuvwiii-sahtJiunnah, a/ihmwm-welenthah ruthvLwee, rethiwdnthah weleiithah,wyahipahru.yali mo/ilu-ka/truya/i [nee s^ree-Z^oppi-wikoonan- suUi-ma/irookurunnaA kwi72ahdi-welenthah ^itjitjmxah^ surusunna//, si^iyum-kurunn«/i chaAyrt/i-roopu-silpiyrt/< polees-ka/truya/^, kos- ^cfApul i/torutoo-pa/iluya/i, buru- ge?iuyunu-miniha7i /J^apal-muhu ^muya/j ucco6gusunnrt/t, moofA- ra/t72^ku??u-ka/iruyaA sa^M- (ha«M-) sahthun- nah \nahiis.ay gooroowuruya/*, gooroon- wadu-ka/iruyrt//, saywnk- supu^ayroowa/i [uy«/< supu ththoo-m uhunn aA sommuruy«A 44 EngUeh. Sinhalese (ronianized). Pronunciation. shopkeeper sdppu-kdrayd, Icada- saJiTp^oo-kahriijaJi,, kudu- kdrayd [kiyannd. liahruyah [kiyanna/j singer sindu-kdrayd, gi- smthoo-kaJiYuyaJi, gee- smith dcdriyd, lokaruvd ahcc^hnyah , loAkiiroowfl/* soldier Jievdyd, batayd haywahyah, hntuyah student sisyayd, adydyi sishyuyah uthyahyi surgeon salla-vedd sullu-wef/ta/i surveyor (land) minindoruvd, minini/to/iroowa/<, ma- mdnum-kdrayd nooin-k^/iruyflf/i tailor mahannd, sanndliyd muhunnaA, sunna//liya/i teacher guruvarayd, ddiird gooroowuruya//, SitlidoYaJi tobacconist dumkola-velcjidd thdbmliolu-vielenfh a It tradesman kada-kdrayd, velen- kudu-ka/truya//, Vv^e/en- washerman henayd, radavd [dd hr/?/nuya/i,ruf/mw«A [thah watchmaker oralosK-sddannd OYulohsoo-sahtlmnnah Trayelliiij Arrival bag bill box, trunk bridle carriage coachman — (driver) cushion custom-house — officer depart, to departure engine fare (charge) guard guide guide-book {Gaman yana-vita onaviya-hdki-vacana.) (For Conversations see page d^.) langdvima, sam- jjrdptiya malla, jiayiya ganan-patraya, bila pettiya,ha vid-pettiya katakaliydva, kacli- ydlama karattaya, gala, riya karatta-kdrayd, ratdcdrya, riya- dakkannd \sari mettaya, kidiccama reguva, tlruva- gannd Mldva reyuve midddaniyd pitat-venavd, nik- mefiavd [nikinana yama, pitatvuna, yantraya gaman gdstuva[rald wurakdrayd, rdka- maga-penvannd maga-penvana-pota, vistara-adamga- \pota lu?i^ga/tweemii, sum- pr«/aradesika badii- tlruva tu'Hva (jata-hdid i adamgu- (or dtul-) karana-lada adamgii-deija pita-liyanavd, jdta- atsan-karanavd pita-atsana, pita- liyamana inarukerwia j karmdnta Mldva, \ vdda-pattalaija ' velanda srniidf/aiiia {badu)yavana,aiin(( [niyama tdnata ba- clii)ya vann a , a rinnd miihi-bara saJiatikaya, dpaya 7iaya kdre pita - ratin genvana badu-da, pita-rata- ta yavana badu-da dddyama, ay a, Idbhaya ddnum-dlma, sdla- kirlma, nivedanaya upadravdraksaya , satydpanaya upadrardraksaka- patraija iipad ravdra ksaya ta (jerana nnidala upadravaya-ydna aatydpaua-karana- poliya [rd uayaturaha \ patavanavd i Pronunciation. pitu-rututu urinii budoo- /Tzeeroowu /T/eeroowen ni£/mhus-woo puru?//«//siku budoo^ee- roowii /^eeroowu gu^u-haki udu/ij^goo-kurunu-lu^/zii, a///d61-kurunu-lu^//u ud u nggoo- they II pitTi-liyunuwrt/j, pitu-ut//- sun-kurunuw«/< pitu-uf/^sunu, pitu-liyu- munu lurt/troo-kereemu ku vniah n tjiu sahlahv^'ii ., wadu-puttuluyu weZunf/ai suma/igumu (budob) yuwunu, urijiu (uiyumu //?aaiitu budoo) yuwunnrtA, uri?i.*/f;// mo6/oo-buru suhu^ikuyu, apuyu nuyu-kar«?/ pitu-rutin genwunii budoo-i/iu, pitu-rutucu yuwunu budoo- ^Au ahthahymiLiu, uyu, \ak- buyu i/ianoom-^/teemu, salu- kireemu, niw(ij///ainuyu oopu«/iruwa/Muk-shuyu, su^yrtApunuyu oopuf/tar karanavd uttara-gdstuva geva- na ladl [patraya viduli-puvat-liyana vidull-pn vat-dutayd dilra-sabdana- yantraya [tayi illana turn tahoii- Proniinciatlon. poownf/i pu^-obriiyu, aJiiungC^-'p\'ithvi\-t/m- wutunvi kuduf/^a/tsiyu budoo-genuyunu Mapalii, prt/irsul-^apalii ^apal-ga/is/Tzoowii ge- wunii hithee ^apal-mdoi/(ruyii ^apal-pettiyu, ^apal- ku?-putit) pole boatman breech (of a gun) bullet cartridge extractor cartridges cord <'string) Shooting, Fishing, &c. , mas-mdrwi ddiya samhanda vacana.) (For Conversations see pp. 110—112.) porava, at-porava, kdtta dwa: dwa-danianavd hdpltiia, hapd-kama oruva pdruva pdru-kekka pdru-rita oru-kdrayd, pdni- kdrayd,orU'padmnd tuvakku-valla imdaya, mundaya pataron ddaijanna patarnn [dyndaya lanuva poruwu, u^-poriiwu, k&ththii amu ; amu-f/tumunuwa/t hapeemu, hupa/i-kamu oroowu prtAroowu paAroo-kekku pa/iroo-ritu oroo-krtAruyaA, pa/troo- kahruyah, ord6-pu^//in- ^oowukkoo-wullii [nah donduyu, moondiiyu pu^uron aMiigunnu a/i- im th \i ro n [ \- ootJi n y u iunoowd English. Sinhalese (romanized). Pronnnciation. fish rndluvd, mdlukura- mrt//16owa/t, ma/tlookoo- yiya ruyiya/t fish, to main allanavd, maliXob ullunuwaA, bili- bilibdnavd, mas- ba/(Duw«/i, mus-muru- mar ana i a nxkVs'ali fishing main diluna, mas ma//lo6 alleemu, iiius- 1 mdrlma, Idli-haina mareemu, bili-bfimu basket Iceman a , ka rakgediua kemimii, kurukgediyu — -hook I'ill-katiiva, baliija bihe-kutoowu, buliyu — -line bill-lanuva, vidlii- bilee-lunoowu, iwalAoo- — -rod bill-pitta [jjota bileo-pi^^u [yo^u — -tackle masmdnine\iqm- mdlu-bdna jkarana mus-mareema?/ ^oopu- mrt/iloo-ba/inu jkurunu float ipilla, ijAiidva ipillii, ipiyrt/iwu fly maksikdkdra bill- muks/tika/ ask (question) (Inquire) ask for (beseech) assist bark bathe beat (flog, &c.> (strike, of clocli) (knock, ringi, ir. become begin believe (trust) bend (make crooliCHli bite (and eat Sinhalese (romanized). Pronunciation. jnli-f/annavd (pret. -ffattcl) eWi-gannavd (-c/attd) eka tii-lm ran avd{ -ha Id) ida-armard (-driyd) aca^ara-deuavd {-dinwd) [nd) uttara-denavd {-dun pilituru-denavd vacia-kiyanavd {-klvd) penenacd [penund) piltct'lata tahanavd (tdbuvd) sakas karanavd(-kald) pa ni-inenavd {-unimd) Henda-venavd (-vimd) lahgd-venavd ahanavd (ahiivd) vied ranard {-ruvd) illanavd {illuvd) ayadinavd (ayaducd, aydddd) upakdra-karana rd (-kald) udav-venava (-vtind) pi]iita-venavd{-nind) huranavd (Inruvd) nana I'd (ndcd) f/ahaiiara {gdhurd) talanavd {tdlnvd) ladinavd {vddand) tatUi-venavd (-viiiid) tatti( -karanavd{-ka Id venavd (ytind) patan-yannavdi-yatfd) vificdxa-karanavd adahanavd (ddaJiuvd) nainanavd {nd)ni(vd) . dda-kaianavd {-kald) (] Jiapaiiard {/it'ipiird) u Jiapd-kanavd {-kdrd) pi^i-gunnuw(//t {-guththah) [thah) aythtjioo-guuimwah {-guth- eku^oo-kurunuwaA (Im^aA) idu-nri//uwrt/< (-ariya/i) uwiisuru-^Aenuwa/i {-tlidon- naJi.) [nah) doththm-ii-tlieumxah {-thoon- i^ilifhoorob-thenvLwah wugu-kiyunuwa/i (-keewW/) penenuwo/i (penoonaA) pi/iweZutu thuhunwah {thsi- bo6wa/<) sukus-kiiruniiwaA {-kulah) pam-inenuw«/i {-obnoonah) saynthoo-wenuwah (-woona/i) luTiggah-weimwah uhunuwa/t (ahoowrt/i) wic«/i-rTinuw(7// (-roow«//) illiinuwfl/i (illoowa/*) uyvithmmYah {nyiithoowah, njSitJithaJi) oopukrt A ru - k iirunu w«' h ^{-Imlah) ^ ooi/tuw-wenuwa/i {-^voonaJi) pihitu-wenuwrt// {-^Y^6nah) boorunuwaA (biroowrt/i) nahnmyah (iiawrt/i) guhiiniiwa/i (gaboowa/*) thuliinuvfah (I/?a/oowa/i) • wuf/anuw«/< {-Yvathobnah) ^uttoo-weniiwaA {-woonah) /7/uttoo-kuruiiuwa/t {-kulah) wenuwrt/i {-woonah) [thah] putim-giminiwrt/< (-gu^- w i swrt // sii - k li I'u n u w unoo- pasuva wu, pusoowu . below, undet pahala^ pahata, yata, puhuZu, puhu^u, yutii. yatin yutin heside^near, pre2J langa, samlpe, ydva lunggu, sumeepe, yahwii — , in addition dra aru beside (s), adv. drat, tavada aru^, thvLwvithu. between atare, mdda nthuray, maf/m but, conj. numut, ehet noomoo^, ehe^ — , prep. dra, misa, pamanak aru, misu, pummuik by, near, prep. langa, veta, ata lu%gii, we^^ii, u^u 69 English. Sinhalese (romanized). Pronun^^iation. by (agent) -in, -en, -visiyi, karana -in, -en, -wisin, kurunu- Icotagena kotuge?«u certainly sattakatama, sahatika- su^^ukutumu, suhu^i- lesa kulesu daily (lavaspata, dinapatd thah during -ddi, ataraturedl -ththee, uthuv-athobvay' early veldf>anin, kalin,veldpa- T /I Q waylahmnin, kulin, way- hen la^puhen either... or va ,..vat, ho... ho wu^...wu^, hoh...hoh especially pii ddnakota, vi4e§a- pru^ALi'mukotu, wisay- u... su aesu even pavd puw^/A everywhere sama-tdnama samd-^anumii except lira, hdra, vind aril, harii, winah far dura, durin, durata, thoorii, thobviu, «/<6oriitu, atin a^in for, ;;;•(?;). nisd, udesd, f^andahd, msah,uthesah,suhthuha/i, venuvata, pinisa wenoowiitii, pi?iisu — , conj. maknisdda kivot muknisa/tt/m keewo^ here mehi, metana mehi, me^iinu hero and there ehi mehi, oba vioba, ehi mehi, obu mobu, atarin patara u^urin pu^uru how kohomada, keseda kohomiiiM, kesaytJm how much kopamanada, koccarada koTpummmthu, koccuriif/m how many kl denekda, klyakda kee^Aenekf/iii, keeyukt/m how often kl-vitakda, kisdrayak- keewitukt/iii, keesariiyuk- da thii however koyihdti numut, koho- koyihati noomoo^, koho- ma numut mii noomoo^ immediately keneJi ima, sanehima , kenehimii, se?iehimu, evalema ewula?/mii m tula, tule, antarayehi tjioolu, thoolay, un^urii- yehi indeed, adv. dttatama, sdhdvatama a^^iitumu, sabawutiimu — , inter. hahada ! haba«/m Inside dtulehi, tula a^ooZehi, thoolu. into tnlata, tula thdoluiu, tJiooliX just, exactly hariyata huriyutu nearly kittulesa kittooiesii 70 English. never next notwithstanding now, adv. — , just now and then often on, upon only, ad. (See also alone) opposite or over perhaps, proba bly quietly recently scarcely seldom since, jyrep. — , conj. slowly so, thus sometimes somewhere soon still, yet than then there therefore through Sinhalese (romanized). kavaddvat ndlid ilannata ehet, e koyihdti numut dan me dan indaliitald noyekvita, varinvara pita, uda pamanak, vltarak issarahapita, idiripita nohot, ndtnam, ekko uda, udm, ihala, anit pdtte minaharavita, hdge veldvata niicala-lesa, samsun- lesa langadl, nobodd, mata- dl yantam, svalpa-vasayen kaldturakin patan, hita, pasii bavin, imd hemin, hlnsdre, nivi hdne mese, melesa samaharavita, inda- hitald kohe numut, yamkisi tdnaka ikmanin, tika veldvakin \tavama, me venaturu vadd, vddiyen evita, etakota, ekala eld, eliidl, etana ebdvin, innisd, eseheyin mddin, hetnkotagena Pronnnclatlon. kxxwvithahNxxth naha eelungutu ehe^, ay koyihati noo- moo^ fAan uiay thdA\ infAuhitula^ noyekwitii, wurinwuru pitu, oodu pumunuk, wi^uruk issiiruhupitu, if/tiripitu noho^, na^num, ekko/i oodu, oodin, ihulu, \m\t_k i^s>ththay sumuhuruwitu, baA-ge waylahwuiu nisculu-lesu, sun^oon- lesii [miguthee, nohohthah ma- thnthee yun^um, swulpu-wu.sii- kula/j^oorukin [yen putun, hitu, pusoo bawin, nisa^ hemin, heensaray, niwi- h&nay mesay, melesii sumuhuruwitu, in^Auhit- vdah kohay noomoo^, yum kisi fAanuku ikmumn, tiku \say\ah- wukin ^uwumu, may wenu- ^oorob wuda/j, wadiyen ewitu, e^iikotu, ekulu ehi, ehiiZ/ee, etjmnxi [in ebawin, innis«/i, esa//hey- maA/iin, h^ y/^ookotu e;/u 71 English. Sinhalese (romanized). throughout, arff. sama tdnama, saha- mulinma — , prep. mulullema till, until turu, tekf kal, dakvd to -ta, -hata, vetata towards desata, dihdvata, atata [lata up, upwards uda, udata, ihala, iha- upon pita, uda, gdna usually, gener- bdvitdlesa sdmdnya- ally lesa, vddikotama well, adv. hondata, yasata, mand- kota well I interj. itin I when? kavaddda ? koyiveldre- da? when, rel. adv. Jfala, vita where ? kotanada / koyibada / koheda? where, rel. adv. tana while, whilst atara, kalhi [da 1 why? manda ■ dyi? maknim- with samaga, ekva, kdtuva within dtulehi yet, as yet, adv. tavama, me venaturu — , conj. ehet Pronnnc'ation. samu ^anumu,suhumo6 linmu moo^oolla^mu ^ooroo, ^ek, kul, t/mk- -tu, -hutu, we^iitu [vvaA fAesutu, f/tiha/iwutu, u^utu [lutu oodu, oodutu, ihulu, ihu- pitu, oodu, ga?2U ba/iwi^a/ilesu Bahmah- nyulesu, wadikotumu hont/iutu, yuButii, mun a/ikotu i^in! kiiwxithahtJm. koyiwa?/- lahwaythvL kulu, witu kothunuthii, kayibut/m, kohaythxi tha^nxL u^uru, kulhi [thu mun^M, ayi, muknisa/*- sumugu, ekwu, katoowii a^ooZehi ^uwumu, may wenii- ehctji [tJiobvoo Tamil Seif-Taught, by Don M. de Zilva Wickremasinghe. [In Koman Characters.] With English Phonetic Pronunciation. Containing the Alphabet, Classified Vocabularies and Conversations, English-Tamil Alpha- betical Vocabulary, Travelling, Commercial, Official, Planting, Shooting and Fishing Terms and Phrases, Numerals, Money, Weights and Measures. Second Edition. Crown Svo. Blue wrapper. 3/6 net Tamil Grammar Self-Tauglit, by Don M. de Zilva Wicltremasinghe. [In Tamil and Roman Characters.] (In three parts.) I. Grammar and Syntax- Alphabet and Pronunciation. Tamil Character Transliteration. Parts ol Speech. Rules of Syntax. II. Exercises in Tamil and English, with Key- III. Tamil-English Vocabulary, Alphabetically arranged. Crown 8vo. Blue wrapper. 4/6 net ; Tamil SeLl-laufcht and Grammar, in one volume red cloth. 8/6 n nt London : E. MARLBOROUGH & CO. LTD. OUTLINE OF GEAMMAK. Articles. In Sinhalese, the indefinite article a or an is expressed by suffixing ek to nouns denoting animate objects and ak to others. Before ck or a k the final a or a of the noun in the nominative case is as a rule dropped^ but the final i or I is changed to iy,* as minihd + e'k = mniihek e©Ja)cS3+6s3:^=®^^2)crcD(5^cS£3*l . . mo day a -\- e k ^= modayek j kukiild + e k ■= ku kvle k a cock a hen kikill + ek = ktkiliyek J pu (ava + ak = pu tuva k a tree ^/-/Vitt + a^k — gahak The simple noun without the indefinite suffix is used to express the definite sense, as g-3>3p2/^a = theson5butg®^cs:^/?wV/: (i.e.jow'^a + //:) = a son 9Q:)'-S5 joM'//^^ = the sons. The suffixes ek and ak are also added to numerals to express an indefinite collective number. When the number refers to animate objects, the word dena is inserted between the numeral and the suffix, but not otherwise. * This and many other rules in the following pages are intended purely for popular use. (7?) 73 Here also the absence of the indefinite sutfix makes the numeral as if it has a definite aiticle attached to it. Thus i^(5zE)3 da ruvd = child or the child. e(5ie)3+6c5:? = e(5i©>8^1 ,.,, J , . , fj ^; / '/ F =a child. da ruva + t k = da ruve k J q6i@^^^ c?ttV?/t'o = children. q6i(^E)^^^(^q^3 dtrrttvO-tu h-de^nd = {the) three children (lit. children three beings). ddruvo-tun-dend -{• ek = daruvO-tun-denek j (number of) three children. But ^Z«9(^(3 U^ngilla = ^nger or the finger. U'hgilla -\- dk = angillak J ' ^ * ^I(2Sg a'//^i/i = fingers or the fingers. ^l^g^^GS ahgili-dahaya — ihe. ten fingers. <^l^§) /^»»a^ or ®-33@>© /e//ie, in the Masculine, Singular table. 75 ®-Q^0® toma, or 6><5'^J®®J tdmo in the Feminine, Singular, to the crude base of a noun, and -^^ tumu to the plural of either gender. The Plural Nominative of Masculine and of Feminine nouns is formed by changing the Sing-ular ending into 6 or ahu, hu, or into u (with the final consonant often doubled). In a number of nouns the stem alone is used for the plural, sometimes with the addition of /a or vm^u. Singular, ©^do mi tufa 8ge)o vadavd @^8c,j vedd ©^'3)0 do hord 6(S®GSo pi rlmiyd ?^cSa na^yd §si^3 mtt ttd ®i^^o mahatd Masculine. Plural, ©^©dcT mituro, friend e)g@^C)cr vadavd, carpenter ®8^^, ®^<^§ vedahu or veddu, physician ®^^o6i horu, thief 8S® joi rim, male ^cd nay, snake §)^-2550(33 mattdld, grandfather ®2S5^8(5z mahat-varu, gentlemen Singular. ® 255(^(3 keUa ^gS ambuva cstg (ogcs) ^/ri' (striya) PZwraZ. <^Z3)(^<^(^^ kello, lass ^g@^©cr dfnbuvo, \^ife '4S2S(§(§^GQcr kikilkjd, hen str'ihu or striyO, woman CS5^-Sg ^a'/iw, woman ®^^^ flfeWtt, cow 76 ' bisava QJ)Q^®25Ci'* ha mine « mm a The plural nominative object is expressed by addition of val. Singular, -^E)(5 nuvara kaidva, kale ®^a550(3GQ kolaya ®So3 mitiya JS^J^J'^ kanda ?)i5ai; or hiso-varu, queen CS5D^^®J5:i'(33 ha mine-Id, lady « mmd-ld or a mmd-varu, mother. of a noun denoting an inanimate the stem with or without the Plural. ^E)(58(^ nuvara-val, city 255Z(e,^, ^i(^?©d M Id, ka Id-va I, jungle 6^2533(3 kola, leaf ©3 mzV«5 hammer @o /i m, well 255g kahdu, hill. In the singular number nouns (masc, fem., and neut.) form their oblique ca«:es by adding the endings to the nominative, the final a being sometimes elided in neuters, e.g. @'2^(53 mi tar a, the friend ©^(53© miturd-ta, to the friend E)i©^3 5 vdda-kar'i, maidservant 8lS)25535®^Gd vdda-kari-ge, of the maidservant gge) putuva, the chair Cigc^e)j5:f putuv-en from the chair gg®S putuv-B, of the chair. 77 To form the plural oblique cases of masc. and fern, nouns first change the nominative ending into -an {-in or -un\ and then add the case-endings. Thus plur. nom. mitur-6 ini tur-u ) kikiliy-6, vt dd-u, hi sav Plur. dat. 7mtur-an-ta\j^'^§,QQ'iS^Q), (^B^^':S^Q), ^£sgr5:i'9 ^^Si'iS^Q) [kikiliy-an-ta, vedd-un-ta, bisav-un-ta mitur-un-ta) But note that whenever the plural ends in Id, oblique case-endings are added direct to the nominative, as plur. nom. ®(3C8o(33 malayd-ld, younger brothers ^©®3(33 ammd-ld, mothers plur. dat. ®(3CQO(330 malayd-ld-ta, to younger brothers ^S®3(33© ammd-ld-ta, to mothers. Neuter plurals always use colloquially the suffix val, to which oblique case-endings are added. Plur. nom. ~^8)(5E)(^, gg, ^^ nuvara-vai, putu, atu cities chairs branches 7iu vara-val-ata, pu tu-ial-afa, a tu-val-ata. 78 Mascnline. Singular. Nom. ^^(5o mityrdj the friend. Voc. ®?2>6 mitura] ^ ^ . , , a:i y* •/. ^ O friend ! ®^®ocr mtturo) Ace. ©^<5o mitura ],, „. , c:, > ./^ , Khe triend. ®^o^ miturahu) Instr. ©^(5o©823Li' miturd-visin, by the friend. Aux. ®^(5o23^<5'i^(3^25^30©>C53^ miturd-karanakotagemiy by means of the friend. Dat. ©^(5o0 miturd-ta ) , ^ . ^ . , c^ y ^ ./^ -7* ^ fto 01* 10 r the friend. (23-^ooC55C) miturahata] Abl. ©^(53®C5D5^ miturd-qen ) ,. ,, „ . , c= ^ ^ -/^ 7 Krom the friend. ®^0^®Ci53r5j miturahu-gen) Gen. @^(5o®cs5 miturd-qe 1 ^ ,, ^ . , .c^ ^ > , /^ , ^ of the friend. ®^(j^®G55 miturahu-ge] Log. ©^(5o©^25^®(5(f^ (®25^®(f5) miturd-kerehi or -kerU ^^6^(^zSi©^6& (®^255^^) miturahu-kerehi or -kerS, in the friend. Plural, Nom. ©:Si5®^(icr mi'tur-O ] ^ . , c:. "^ >' /^ , friends. ®^ o ^55 mz turahu Voc. ©-Q^^c^^^, @^(5-€^ mil tar-mi, -ani, O friends! Ace. @A2^(525d' mitur-an, friends. Instr. ©^dsSCi'^SeSLi' 7111 tur-an-vi sin, by friends. Aux. @^(525;5'255c5^®s3^o©@^cS5-, . ■ ;s^c< ^ 7 ' • fO princess! g^(S)o6^a5 kumanye] ^ Ace. s^©5cs knmariya, princess. Instr. }^®(5©8:25i kuman-visin, by the princess. Aux- s^®(523^d^®25^3©(5^C55^ kamarl-karanakotagena^ by means of the princess. Dat. es5i)5c) ka mar it a ) , ^, ^^ -^ , / * . fto the princess. jj^f:2)ocSO kumariya-ta) Abl. e^§)(5®c5555:f ku main -gen e^^5ca©^(5523Lf kumanya-gen Gen. ga^cS'^crf kumari-qe ) ^ ^i '-^o ? , / . fOr the princess. s^'2/ooS@^C55 kumariya-ge] Loc. 8^©5®^255®^(5?B kuman-kerehi ] with or in the ^^(Sc6®Ji55®<5(f^ kumariya-kerehi] princess. Nom. s^®5®>GQcr h/mariyo. Voc. s^®(S@^cS4f^ (cSsS) kumariy-eni (or -flni). Ace. s^'^5GS55:f kumariy-an. Instr. }^®5cS25J'©Q55:^ kumariy-an-visin. Aux. 8^®5cS^5::i'^3^(5'€^@^^55^0@^C55^ kumariy-an- karanakotage na. Dat. s^^doS^O kumariy-an-ta. •from the princess. 80 Abl. i^®8o^^@^(s:>2S^ kumariy-an-gen. Gen. 8^^2)503 sscf^cd kumariy-an-gS. Loc. s^§)5ce23Li'©^5j55(^(5cS kumariy-an-kerehu Neuter, Singular, Plural, Norn., Voc, zS)i(^^E) '^i(S>7{^d) and Ace. kal'dva (jung-lej kalB. or kdlR-vdl Instr. and zS)i(^,\oB';S^ 255Z(g^8g25J' Aux. kaldv-en lald-val-in Dat. 2S)i(g2^Q 2j)Z(e,|C)(30 / d lava- ta kci I'd-va l-ata Abl. 25^Z(g^@^©£3:^ 255Z(9^E)g23Cf / aldv-en kald-val-in Gen. and zs^zcg^®© 235i(g|8(3 Loc. kCi0v-e kald-val-a Pronouns. First Person. Singular, Plural, Nom. §)® mama^ I. C^6 ^/^i, we. Ace. ©3 ??2a', me. ^O apa, us. Instr. §)o©825:^ ma -VI sin, by me. C^O©825d^ apa-visin^ by us. Aux. ®3253(5^(^255D0©C55-€^ (^OlS^d-^e^ZS^oO^GO^ ma-karanakotagena,h\ a'pa-karanakotageria, by means of me. means of us. Dat. ®0 md-ta. aoc) dpa-ta. 81 ma-gen or ma-gen. Gen. ©©cd, ®o®cd ma-ge or md-ge. Loc. ®0®255®(5cS ma-kerehi ap-en or apa-gen, fljo-e or apa-ge. Cpa®255@^(5(S apa-kerehi Second Person. Singular. Nom. (^^cT /o', thou. Ace. ^3 /d', thee. Instr. ^o©823Cf ta-vtsin, by thee. Aux. ^3235(5-i^6^2J5D©®C55'^ ta-karanakotage^na. Dat. ^0 /«'-/a. til -gen or ia-gen. Gen. ^o®cd, -S^^^cd /a'-^^ or ta-ge. Loc. ^3©255®(5(S ©-3>38, ©-358 topi or /e/??*, ye. @^^3e3 to' pa. ©^^oo^S^d' topa-visin. ©^0 O 255 (5 4^©2553 ©©C55 4^ topa-ka ranakotage na. ©^3o9 topa-ta. ®^3e3©C5325Lf, ©>^rJ3©0£5d' to pa-gen or top-en. ©^30©cd, ©^3©d to'pa-gE or /o/?-e. ©.5>30©J^©(^(9 topa-kereld. Colloquially /o can only be used when addressing an inferior^ or disrespectfully. In books (^^^ to is masculine and ^ /e (pi. ^(33 /f/a) feminine. The latter is regularly declined, as nom. and ace. tl ; instr. tl-vtsin\ dat. ti-ta, 8ic. So also ttld; instr. tlld-visin, &c. The personal pronoun (^S) wmfea or >s^q) /z/Ja', ^you' (pi. C>^& umha-ld) is the one now commonly used in addressing equals or inferiors SINHALESE 8.-T. 82 politely. If you wish to be extra polite, you generally use ^g<55^c^ tamiise, ^your (honourable) self\ If you wish to be still more polite, especially when addressing a superior personage or a church dignitary you add the honorific e)s^2^@^c^ vuhansB to nuba (or numba), oba, or tamnn,SLS >S]Q)S)QDi^®d nuba-vahansS,®Q)E)^25S@^^ oba-vahanse, S5§!i3Lfe)K)25J'®^d tamun-vahansB, often con- tracted to •3:>g23Li'^3£5Li'@^d tamunnansS, All these are declined regularly, as Nom. and ace. gS) umba (pi. C®(33 umbala), ^55§®d tamuse (|j1. ^§©€^(33 tamusEld). Instr. C^^Qs5S umba-visin (pi. (5S)(30©855J' umbald-visin), ZS^^(^^'^Q>s^ tamuse-visin (pi. -S^g^dc^o^ScSL^ ta muss Id-vt sin), Sic. &c. 2%zrfl? Person, Singular, Masc, Fern, Nom. C^, fbaso ^^^ <£r^ u or eyd, he fl' or B'kl, she Ace. (^-o, ®^, t^cso ^^, ^ZCQ, ^^ Neut. eya or eka, it €>C0, tSf235 u or o'Aw or eya, him a or a'ya or s'ki, her /^^a or ^'Ara Instr. C'^^B^, ®^^a^ ^^a82s:r, efs^©82s:r aSzscT, eo^zs^sri u-visin or ohu-visin U-visin or s'ki-visin eyin or 5'/:e» ecoD©aj3cr eyd-visin &c. regularly. Masc, u/d, 0 hu ovha .cc. C^i ©gsScf, C^CO w rt, 0 vy/?i, uld 183 d'ld, ekild, ohu ovhu evd a Id, e kild e vd c^, ®g25cr lu/, 0 run nstr. C^^^^, ^^^B&^ C^^QO^Q^, daSe^©^^ ^BoQ^ u/i-visin, ovun-vi'dn, ald-visin Skild-visin evdyin C'^^Q^, ®g23Lr©a25cr uti-vidn, 0 vun-vi sin &c. ' &c. &c. Colloquially (5"i u is used in speaking of an inferior person, C>^S^ i^i@^{si unndhe and Q^B^^(^d> un-vahans^ (contracted to CzSCfeS^osSCfo^d unnansS) being more polite forms. The fem. a has no such distinction. Norn. § mu Twe yd ©©2553 mekd ) \cc. § ^ mu me yd ®^f)2533 me M mohu Demonstratives. Masculine, Singular. \ ©003 ^(5ce3'^ this man oyd, this (yonder) arayd that man man ^(5^ ©2553 oka aru Skd 84 nstr. ®B&^ ®cso88.^ ^(5o3o©8j5:f mu -vi sin 0 yd- VI sin a r ay d- VI sin ®^i)cso©855:r ®2553©8CS5' ^(5^©8j5:r nie yd-vi sin 0 kd-vi sin a ru-visin ®^^3^©8C5J' eri553®8235 mo fiu-vi sin B'kd-visin ©■^zs)o^Q^ ine'kd-visin n 11 &c. regularly. The plural is formed by adding /«, as §(33 mu-ld, ®GQ3(30 oVa-/«, SC^TGO «V«-/a. ^^^.^.^^ Norn. ®^ \ ®CS^\ <^(5^ C^i(5^\ TWfl' ( this woman oyd I this (yonder) ard, d!rR \ that ®'^i^ r ©'^ I woman d"!^ \ woman meki ] oki ] ekl ] Ace. @^, ©zco ma, may a „ „ Instr. 9|©823Lr S)cS^©8crf Cp(5>©85JCi' ind-visiii o yd-vi' sin a I'd- vi sin &c. &c. &c. The plural is formed by adding Id. Neuter. Singular. Nom. ©^%ZSi, ®<2)ce ^'^, ®G3 q9(5253 mEka, meya, tins o'A:«, o^^? this (yonder) aruka, that thin^r thing thing Ace. e%'4S^, (^%^ ®2S), ®c3 <$(5iS) n,eka^ meya oka, oya araka \n%iY.\mek(n oktn draken Aux. U^%P^,^ ^^r^ ^^,^ I me'yin dyin drin 85 Dat. me ka-ta mt ya-ta &c. :] Norn. Ace. Instr. ) Aux. J Dat. me, vd-yin m^vd-ta &c. okata ®O30 0 ya-ta &c. • Plural, ®8a Ovd-yin ocd-ta &c. arakata &c. q^(58d arava-yin <^(5e)30 « ravd-ta IXTERROGATIVES. Masc, and Fern. Singular. Nom. ?55©^, 25^8^(5535^ I kav-da, kavarek-da, who Ace. 255©^, 255a®325525^0<:^, ®235J2S)0<:^ mokata-da^ mokakata-da^ kcfkata-da Plural, Norn., Ace. ci)ss52553^, <^®3r5^83<^, @^23^J'83<5 makkd'da, monavd-da, kovd-da Instr. ©cs^jsisSsscfi^, @^®o^838^5Lf<^, ©^zs^d'SsSi^:)'*:^ ma kkdyin-da, monavdyin-da, kd'vdyin-da Dat. ©23^5i353©<:^, ©^s^Bs©*^, ®2S5;f830«^ makkdia-da^ monavdta-da, kovdta-da Verbs. A very large proportion of Sinhalese verbs in common use is formed by the addition of 23^(5:5^^3 karanavd^ * to do ', and of ®©5S^S3 ve'navd, ^ to become ^, to substantives, e.g. ®03S podi, fragments. ®>03S23^c5:5^©3 po'di-karanai'd, to crush to bits. @>03fc3®C)55^©3 po'di-venavu, to become crushed. ®C553^ hohda, good. ®Q553^235(5iif)E)3 ho'nda-karanavd, to heal (transitive). @^QS53^®^E)5S^83 honda-venavd, to become good, to heal (intr.). 87 Therefore it is necessary that the beginner should master the conjugation of these two verbs. These two examples will, moreover, show how all the other Sinhalese verbs should be conjugated. In Sinhalese dictionaries all verbs are given under a form which ends in -na-vd^ and which is colloquially used to represent all the persons (singular and plural) in the present indicative. Thus s5^(5.'^E)o kara-na-vd, to do. Singular, mama karanavd, I do to or u mba ka ranavd, you do u karanavd, he does Plural, a pi u mbald o^hu, ovuhu 255(5 i2^©3 karanavd It may be useful to know at the outset that the form karanavd is composed of the relative participle karana and vd. This is the same in the case of all other verbs, as 255i5^e)o kana-vd, to eat, ©<^^©a denu-vd, to give, ®8?^83 vJna-vd, to become. For the use of the relative participle see p. 92. Now if you drop -na-vd from this form, you get the base of the present and future tenses. Thus e55(5^c)o kara-na-vd gives zs^6 kdra 255 ^©0 ka-na-vd „ 255 ka ®^^c5^e)3 de-na-vd „ ®<^ de ®e)?S583 ve-iia-vd „ ®e) ve &c. &c. We may now conjugate kara-na-vd and ve-navd as follows : — 88 Indicative : Present, Singular, 1st pers. Z3)6^ kara-mi, I do 2nd „ ZS)6&, 233(58 kara-hi or kara-yi 3rd „ 255(58 kara-yi ve-mi, I become ©8(6, ©88 ?;e-Ai or ve-yi ©88 ve-yi Plural, 1st pers. 255 (5§ kara-mu 2nd „ 255(5Gg, 255(5g kara-hu or kara-vu 3rd ,, 235(5^ Future. Singular. 1st pers. 255(525J'©CS^@ kara-nnemi, I sliall do 2nd 3rd J, 255 (525;:)'© 55^ (9 A-fl/^fl -nnehi 55 255(5£3l)'©23l)' kara-nnS Plural, 1st pers. 255(525J'©^g kara-mu mu. 2nd 3rd 255(5c3C)'^D'^ Arara -nndhu 255(525Cf©^i ©8§ ©8^5 ®8g ve-hu or ve-va ©8^ ve-ti ©825Li'©?f>@ ve-nnemi, I shall become ©823l)'©^(9 ve -nnehi ve -nne ©825;:f©^g i;e -nnemu ©8i5:)'?5^3^ re -nndhu ©82s:f©5SDJ' 89 This is a kind of periphrastic future of which the 1st and 2nd persons are formed by adding either the derivatives of the present tense of the Sanskrit copulative verb as ^to be', or merely the personal endings mi, mu, hi, hu, &c. to the verbal noun expressive of the agent of an action. Karannemi is, therefore, a combination of karanne, 'doer' and mi, 'I am'. The future of all other verbs is formed in this manner. In colloquial speech, however, the ending -nhd is used instead of -nnemi, and -nnamu for -nnemu ; -dvi for the 2nd and the 3rd person sing. ; and -dvit for the plural. Thus 'i)§)0ie) zsidts^^ mama vd'da haranfid (instead of karannemi), I shall do work; 2S3(5^®,iS^§ kara nnemu, we shall do ; (3"i ©iS) z2)do^ u vada karavi (instead of karanne), he will do work; ^35(53©^ karavit, they will do. Optative Mood. This is formed by adding the syllable vd to the present indicative. Thus karam[i), I do karahi, thou d(iest karayi, he does karamu, we do karahu, ye do karati, they do 255(5©C)3 karam-vd, I may do j35(5(68o karahi-vd, thou mayst do 255(5S©0, 255(5o5>3 karayi-vd, kard-vd, he may do 235(5®'2)cre)3 karamo-vd, we may do karahu-vd, ye may do 235(5^e)3 karat-vd^ they may do, 90 Imperative. Singular. 2nd pers. z5^6. ZS)6^ kara or karava 2S)d8GQ kdra-piya] • ,, . • r • y s, f / f colloquially to interiors. 55^ooi5j kara-pan] ZS)6^ ka'ranu zS)6^t) karanda ^ respectfully to zS)6'!SSq) ®^e55D^S karanta hohdayi\ equals and 2S5(ei®i^e) kala-mdnava J superiors. 3rd peis. ?^6^(^''5S karanm Plural, 2nd pers. 255(5© karar> 255 (5 0(;^ (33 kara-palld (to inferiors colloquially). zSi6^^ karanda (to equals, ^lc). Permissive. 255(5gE)D®S kdra-puvd-vE, let him do. 255(59®^23Lf kdra-pu-den j Conditional. Pres. 235(5^ karata, zs)d(^^0^ karatot\ Past 255(^(^3^5 kdlot. Past Tense. No rules that may readily be understood by a beginner unacquainted with Sanskrit and Pnlkrit can be given regard- inw the formation of the past tense of Sinhalese verbs. 91 The form of the past tense given in dictionaries ends m a, as 253(ei3 kal-a, ^did'; §.'5^3 vwVa, 'became'; 255^ 8i kav-d, ^ate'; cScSo giy-d, 'went'; and is used colloquially for all numbers and persons like the present tense in -navd. Thus 255(^)3 kald = l, you^ or they did; 255|E)3 kavd = you, he, or they ate, &c. Indicative : Past. Singular. 1st pers. ^J)@^(ei©, ®255@>(g© kale-mi or kele-mi, I did 2nd „ zSi@'{^&, ®'<5^@^(ei'i^ kale-hi or kek-hi 3rd J, 25>@^(^, ®255®^i^ ^aVe or /te/e giye-mi, I went giye-hi gi-yS (S033 ,^i«/a (colloq.) 1st pers. ^J5©^(g§, @^2S5@^(e.§) kale-mu or kelt-mu 2nd 3rd „ 2S5®^(eiJ kalO ^i ye-mu c9ce3:s5 jiyd-hu giyd Participles. Two participles play a most important part in modern Sinhalese. They are (1) the relative participle and (2) the adverbial participle or gerund. 02 The relative participle (present) is obtained by simply dropping the final id of the colloquial present tense (or by adding na to the base of the present tense). The relative participle (past) is formed in most cases cither by substituting* short a for final long a of the colloquial past or by simply dropping the final va.* Verbs. Relative Participles. zSid^Bo karana-vd, do S55(5?5^ karana 25>(e,3 kal-dy did zSi^ kala cs^8o yana-vd, go co^f) ]/ana c9cS3 giy-d, went c9cQ giya 23^^80 kana-vd, eat ZS)'S^ kana 25^^80 kavd, ate 255^ kd This participle always precedes the noun which it qualifies, just like an ordinary adjective. Thus GS-^i^ ^.'^'J553 yaua minihd = \\t. going man, i.e. the man who goes; cScO ®^^J553 giya minihd=\hQ man who is gone; ^3 cScO '4S)Q md giya kala = \it. by me gone time, i.e. when I am gone; ^3 8ie) 25^(5^ 255(3 ^^^' viida- karana .^a/a = when I do the work. Adverbial participle or gerund has the ending min in the present and c, d, or i (colloquially Id or lid) in the past, e.g. karanavd, do Adcerbial participles, 255(5©23Ci' kara-min (present), doing ZSi6, Z35(5(33 kara or karald (past), having done • These rules are purely for popular use. Etymologically the partici- ples require a different explanation which can only be understood by t^hose acquainted with Sanskrit and Prakrit. 09 yanavdy go J ya-min^ g<^ino^ [gos or gofdila, having gone A:a nava, eat kamin, eating 23^3, 2553(33 ^ka or A:a7a, havinir ate. The following sentences will illustrate the use of this participle : — Q"\ ©l^ zsi6^^ 8Sce3 u viida-karamin sitiyd, he was doing work (lit. he work doing remained). (5\ monuwa/i-i/m? noombutu yum kisi ah- ru/i^ciyuk labo6na/ii//u? kisiwuk mutu alivungQi obway na ; ma/nvisin kisiwuk usunoo laboo- way na oombutu hon^/iutiimu (sumpoonaiyenmu) su^^uku-t/m ? koomuk sit/tthu woo- nah-tJm {sithtbu.welah tjiihay-thu) ? ay monu (koomunu) thay- wusthaA-nuyuk-i/tu ? ay (uru) koomunii pulli- yuk-Mu? pulu ! puluyun ! getJtuYu puluyun fcpal-kun^o/iroowutu gos (gohin, gohillrt/i) mugay liyoom urun wuren 98 English. Sinhalese (romanized). Show me the house of the Consul Let us start' ; let us begin^ Get everything ready Wait Here I am Be good enough to tell me Hear what I tell you Bring (me) my horse Speak with the in- terpreter Speak to him What does mean ? thi Jconsal tcmdjiatiydfje valavva (or geija) mata penvapaji pitatvemn}; patan- r/animu^ siyallaina lasti kara ganiyi hitapan ; ndvatiyan meheyi mama \karund kara mata kiyanu md kiyana deta dhumkan-denu 111 dye aSvayd (mata) genen tolka unnd/ie ekka katd-karapan ohii samaga katd- karapan me mokada; meke teruma mokada (or kumakda) Pronunciation. konsul thahnah pu^i- yahgay wuluwwu (geyu) mutu penwupun pitu^^wemoo ; putun- gn7?imoo siyullumu las^ii kuru gu?2in hitupun, nawu^lyun meheyi mumo kvLYobnah kuru mutu- kiyunoo mah kiyunu thaytu ah- dbmkun-^/ieno6 niaJtgay u.swuya/< (mutu) genen tjiolilkvi uonaha// ekku kuth«Vi- kurupun ohoo sumugii kutha/t- kurupun may moku^/ai ; maykay thay vooiiiu. moku(/m (koomuki/m) ? Notices. (Ddnvlm.) Apartments to Ij let Entrance Exit Eire alarm Furnished rooms Knock ; ring No admittance No smoking al- lowed e kdinarakaliyata (or baddata) 'tenia ti'>et doratiiva, doraJcada, vdsala jdiatata yana maga gini- upadravaya danvana sinuva arumosam dti (or piliyela karanala- da) kdinara tattulca ra iiu ; sin u va gahanii [ndldi dtulvimata avasara (ttunkola Idmata avasara nd kahmiivu. kdoliyiitu (buf/i- thutd) tlientii tjiihetji ^Aorutoowu, ^//onikudu, waJisulii pitu///utu yanu mugu gini c5opufAruwuyu thwn- wiinu seenoowu uroomo/tsum a/7ii (piZi yeln kuriinului/m) kah- murii //tattoo-kurunoo; seenoo- wu guhunoo [naha ;i///oo/weemutu uwusuru tliobinkotu beemutu uwusiiiu na Set out, ^ Commence. 09 English. No thoroughfare Please do noitouch Private Public notice Pull ; push Refreshments To be let, to let To bo sold Unfurnished rooms Walk in Sinhalese (romanized). Pronunciation. para vahaldya atano gdnumdnava; sparSanaya no Ica- ranu piidgalika ; rahas prasidda dcmvwia adinu; tallukaranu kam-hiin; anna-pdna knliijata denta tibe vikinlwata tibe his kdiiiara [venit dtul-renu ; pravista- Tpahrii wuhula/iyu u^u no gahnoo maniiwu ; spursunuyu no kurunoo poo^/jguliku ; ruhus ■prnsiththii i/janweemu ui/dnoo ; ^-ulldokurunoo kam-beem ; unnu-paAnu kooliyutu thenti\ thibaij wikineemutii thibay his krt/imurii [wenoo a^ool-weuoo; pruwisAtu- The Railway. {Dum-riya-maya.) To the station Here is my luggage Take these to the cloak-room I wish to regis ter my luggage for ... The luggage is over weight Get my luggage ; here is the ticket Where is the wait- ing-room ? - - - booking office? . - - buffet? lavatory ? (For Vocabulary see p diim-riya palata (o'" stdnayata) iiiemia mage bara- baddara III era barabaddara- kdmarayata geni- yapan mage barabaddara ...-ta yavana lem registar-kayanta kdmatiyi barabaddaraniyama jjramdnayata vadd barayi mage barabaddara ganin ; menna iicciUnva ndvatl ntma kdma- raya ko slttii-kantdriiva ko anna-pd/na stdnaya ko ; kain-bim sal- pila ko at a pay a sod ana stdnaya ko; vdsi- kilii/a ko ^/toom-riyu pulutu (stha/t- nuyiitu) meniju miigay burubu^A- tJtuvii may\Yah hunihuththmii- ka/') ydm-lme tnndu (or eya koccarada (or kopamanada); eke )iiila klya hi sayana-ratayak (or sdtapiya hdki rata yak) apata ona istoppu-ratayak nondmaliatmaydld- ta rata yak dum-kola nohona rata- kuttdmy a k ... -ta yana dum- riya meka-da magadl dum-riya mdra-karanta 6na-da - kotanata ya^ia duni- riyata iimruventa oua-da me ihdagann a - tana (or id am a) ara- ida ndhu [cjana-da Pronunciation. ... -tu yunu f/toom-riyu ko/r?' ^ seegru {wisayshu) thoom- riyen yunnehi-i/drakda) mahgay kahid ekii (nah- mu seettoowu) ohootu ^/teepun nawu^u ennemi (enyu.) noombu ai/wiyuyi kiya/t ? ohoo hnlah iporothlhoo- wenuwa/i-?M ? noombu ennehiyuyi oon- nsihay hulah poro^- ^00 wa?/ ohoo sumbuwTntu mumu poron^//6o wee sitimi ahyoo bo/iwun swahguthnm ! [thii ? sapu suneepu kohomu- mumu bohomu suneepen sitimi mumu yuntu o/ma gohin enyah (ennemi) hon^/myi, gohin wuren urii gujnay numu mo- muk-f/iu (koomuk-^Au) ? eyu koyi ahkahiu (kebun- thoc>) muguk-t/m (pa/i- ruk-iM) ? Shopping. (Kade ganu denu ydnayi.) (For Vocabularies, see pp. 29—28, 85, 44.) How much ? That is too much What is the price Will you send them at once ? Please send them at once Send them to ... 1 May there be long life kiyada, koccarada eya bohoma vddiyi ; eya bohoma ganan vddiyi [yada) mila koccarada {Jd- evd ekenehima ya- vanavd-da evd ekenehima ya- vanta hondayi evd ...-ta yavdpan {arapan) . " I will go and come ; a keeyuthu ? koccuruf/m ? eyu bohomu wadiyi ; eyu bohomu gu7ran wadiyi [th\i ?) milu koccurutM (keeyu- aywah ekewehimu yu- wunuwa/i.-t/iu ? aywah eke^iehimu yu- wuntu hont/iuyi ayvfah ...-tu yuwaApun (arupun) u revoir. - Good, go and come. 110 English. Sinhalese (romanized). Pronunciation. I wish to buy ... I will take this i I want some calico I should like to see some ribbons This colour is too dark — light Have you any nar- rower— broader? What is the value of a yard of this? (What is this a yard ?) It is faded Not so fine This will do A skein of sewing silk Try on these They fit you very well What are they a pair? It is too dear Make out my bill . , . mileta ganta mata kdmatiyi mama meya (rneica) gannemi [mata ona kciliko nam kapupili pitta pati tikak ha lanta mata kamatiyi me pdta onavata vadd anduniyi — suduyi mita vadd patiiwd ( — palalwd) tiyena- vd-da meyin ydruvak ki- yada or meyin yd- ruvaka mila kopa- manada '[mokada, meya ydruvak- da) eya vivarna vl tihe; OT eke pdta gohilldya opamana hlnvd (or siyum-vd) epd meya sahevi mahana pata nul kdrdllak mevd dnda balanu 7iumbata meivd hon- ddkdra liettuveti makkdda evd kuita- mak-da eyabohoma aldbayi mage hila [ganan- patraya) liyddiyan ... milrti/tu guntu mutu kamu^iyi mumu meyu (mfl?/ku) gunnemi [mutu oAna kaliko/i num kupoo piZi pee^l^-u puti tikuk bu- luntu mutii kamu^iyi may pa/itu o/mawutii wuda/i untAoorooyi — soot/iooyi meetu wuda/i putoowa/i ( — puZulwa/i.) ^iyenu- wah-thijL ? meyin ya/iroowuk kee- yut/iu ? meyin yah- roowuku milu kopu- muwui/m ? (mokutAu, meyu yaAroowuk-^/iu?) eyu wiwurnu wee thibay; aykay pa/itu gohillaAyu opiimuwu heenwa/t (si- yo6m-w ah) eipah mevu sahaywi muhunu putii nool karalluk maywah anf/tu bulunoo noombutu mat/wa/i hon- thahkahrvi haythtJioo- mukkahthu ay- [we^i waA koot-tumuk4/iU ? eyii bohomu ula/ibuyi mugay hiln (gu;iun-put- ruyu) liya^ thiynn. Have I to permission shoot here ? To whom must apply ? Shooting. (Dadayam-kirima gdnayi.) (For Vocabulary, Bee p. Bl.) obtain meJii dadayam A:^?■^- mehi f/iuduyum to kiree- mata avasara ganta ond-da kdgen mama avasara illunta ond-da mutu uwiisuru guntu ohnsL-thu ? kaho;en mumu uwusuru iUuntu o/tna-t/iu? Ill English. Sinhalese (romanized). What kind of game can I get here ? Elk, deer, hare, wild buffalo, boar, fox, leopard, bear, elephant, &c. What is the rent ? How many hunting dogs will you let me have ? Are the dogs properly trained (to hunt) ? Keep the dogs back Load my gun Carry my gun Give me some cart- ridges Do not fire Let me have a shot with your gun To cock a gun yiiehi kumana dada- yapi karanta hdki-da gonnu, viuva, hd, val-harak, val-uru, nari, koti, valas, at, ddi dadayam-ya badda koccara-da dadayam ballan kl- denek mata denne- Jii-da {dadayam-karanta) hallo hoiiddkara purudu-karald-da ballan issarahata enta no di natara karagan mdge tuvakkuva patavapan mdge tuvakkuva geniyapan pataron klpayak niata diyan vedi tiyanta epd nuihbe tuvakkuve7i vedillak tiyanta mata ida diyan tuvakkuve kokd adi7ita Pronunciation. mehi koomunu <7iudu- yum kuruntu haki-i/iu? go/mnoo, moowu, hah, wul'huruk, wul-ooroo, nuri, koti, wulus, Q>th, ahthi i/iuduyum-yu hnththu koccuru-(Au ? t/iuduyum buUun kee- thenek mutu t/ienne- hi-f/iu? (f/iuduyum-kuruntu) bul- \oh honthahkahm poo- roothoo-kvivulah-thu ? bullun issuruhutu entu no thee nu^uru kuru- gun ^ _ mahgay ^oowukkoowu putuwupun mahgay ^oowukkoowu ge/iiyupun pu^uron keepuyuk mutu thiyun wedi ^iyuntu epa/i noomhay ^oowukkoO- wen wedilluk t/iiyuntu mutu idu thiyun ^oowukkoowa?/ koka^ uthmtvL Fishing. (Mdlu dlllma gdnayi.) (For Vocabulary, see p. 61.) Is there any fish- ing to be had near here ? Must I first obtain permission to fish? What is the rent for fishing in this river (lake, pond) ? me asala yam kisi tdnaka mdlu allan- ta puluvan-da mala allayita avasa- ra palamu kota ganta 6nave-da megaiige (vdve, po- kune) mas-mdrlm- (or kevul-) badda koccara-da may usulu yum kisi ^anuku mahloo ul- luntu -pooloowun- thu. ? mahloo ulluntu uwusu- ru puZiimdo kotu gun- tu ohna>-way-thu ? may gunggay (wawa?/, ipokoonay) mus-mareem- (kewool) butJitJtu. koccu- ru-(M ? 112 English. Sinhalese (romanized). Pronunciation. Can I get the sole right of fishing ? Can I have a boat and boatman ? What do you charge for the hour (day) ? The oar Have you brought some bait ? Will you bring a bait? What bait must I use? Give me a hook W^ill you bait my line? Give me my rod Row gently (with- out stirring the water) Donotmakeanoise Make haste The fishing is good here How much does this fish weigh? Will you weigh it? main allanta mulu balaya mata gata hdki-da orukdrayek samara oruvak mata lal/d gata hdki-da pdyakata [davasa- kata) umhe kullija (or gdstuva) kocca hahala [ra-da tikak {inokavat) dim vmha gendvd-da \ dmak genenta hon- dayi mona dmakdamanta ona-da hili-katuvak mata diyan mage hili-lanuvata dmak dam,dpan mage bili-pitta diyan iyatura no solvd) hemin oruva }mda- pan gosd karanta cpd ikmam karapan mehi mdlu dlllma liondayi m e mdlu - kuriydge bara kopamana-da eya kirdpan ' ma/iloo ulluntu mooloo buluyu mutu guf//-u haki-t/iu? orookaAruyek sumugu oroowuk muiu luba/t gu^u haki-f/m ? payukutu (i/tuwusukutu) umhay kooleeyu {gah- sthoowa) koccuru-iM? hubulu tikuk (mokuwu^) am oombu genahwah-thii ? amuk gewentu honf^uyi ? monu amuk <7tumuntu ohivd-thu ? bili-kutoowuk mutu thi- yun . . _ muga?/ bill - lunoowutu amuk thumah^uu ? muga?/bili-pi^iAu tJdyiin (wu^ooru no solwa/^) hemin oroowu pa^a- pun gohshah kuruntu epa/i ikmung kurupun mehi mahlod alleemu hon^Auyi may ma hlookooviy a hgay buru kopumii?iu-^/ai ? eyu kira/tpun ? Commercial and Trading. (For Vocabulary s ( Velandam sambandayi.) pp. 42! 46.) Send in my account I am leaving to- morrow Giv« r-^e a receipt Show me the balance-sheet mage bila evdpan mama heta pitatvl yannemi kuvitansiyak mata diyan ayavdya lekanaya mata penvdpan mugai/ bilu ew«/